ECO-DOPPLER RENAL – QUANDO, COMO E PORQUÊ? | RENAL DOPPLER ULTRASOUND – WHEN, HOW AND WHY?

Ana Luísa Duarte, Ana Germano

Resumo


RESUMO
Com este trabalho pretendemos rever as aplicações do eco-Doppler renal, familiarizando os clínicos quanto a esta técnica,
as suas utilidades e limitações.
A hipertensão arterial é uma doença altamente prevalente e a estenose da artéria renal (EAR) é a causa secundária potencialmente tratável mais frequente. As principais etiologias desta condição são a doença aterosclerótica (a grande maioria)
e a displasia fibromuscular.
Entre os vários métodos imagiológicos disponíveis, o eco-Doppler está presente no quotidiano hospitalar e apresenta várias vantagens como o baixo custo, a disponibilidade, ser não invasivo e não utilizar radiação ionizante. No entanto também
tem limitações, como a de ser operador dependente e as condicionantes do examinado.
Através do eco-Doppler obtemos uma avaliação morfológica do rim, mas também hemodinâmica do parênquima renal e
do seu suprimento arterial. Existem parâmetros directos e indirectos que permitem uma avaliação da vascularização renal,
assim como determinar se existe uma estenose significativa, com repercussão hemodinâmica no rim. O eco-Doppler também
é útil na avaliação de outras patologias arteriais que podem afectar o rim e a artéria renal, como defeitos da perfusão arterial
do rim ou aneurismas da artéria renal.
A angio-TC e a angio-RM também são métodos imagiológicos que fazem o diagnóstico desta patologia, mas são mais caras
e implicam a administração de contraste endovenoso. O gold standard é a angiografia renal, mas devido aos seus riscos é
principalmente usado na terapêutica da EAR.
Também existem exames da medicina nuclear que permitem uma avaliação funcional dos rins.
O eco-doppler renal é um método que, se for executado por uma mão experiente, num doente que reúna indicações
clínicas e um perfil biofísico adequado, é muito útil no rastreio da EAR.

Palavras-chave:Eco-Doppler; Estenose da Artéria Renal; Hipertensão.

ABSTRACT
The purpose of this paper is to review the clinical uses and limitations of Doppler renal ultrasound.
High blood pressure is a prevalent disease, being the renal artery stenosis (RAS) the most frequent secondary treatable cause.
Atherosclerosis and fibromuscular dysplasia are the two conditions most frequently responsible for RAS.
Considering the several imaging methods available, the advantages of Doppler ultrasound include the availability, low cost, non-invasive
nature and absence of ionizing radiation. Its main limitations are related to the patient`s morph type and being operator dependent.
Using Doppler ultrasound we can evaluate the shape and size of the kidneys, and obtain hemodynamic information regarding the main
renal arteries and intra-renal vessels. There are direct and indirect signs of significant renal artery stenosis and of the degree of repercussion
of the stenosis in the renal parenchyma.
Doppler ultrasound is also useful in the diagnosis of other causes of renal vascular diseases such as renal artery aneurism or focal perfusion defects in the renal parenchyma.
CT and MRI angiography are alternative diagnostic imaging options, but are more expensive, less available and need administration
of intra-venous contrast material.
The Gold standard is angiography but being an invasive technique, is actually used almost always for therapeutic purposes.
Nuclear medicine also allows functional kidney evaluation.
When performed by an experiment operator, in an adequately clinically selected patient, Doppler renal ultrasound is very useful for the
screening of RAS.

Key-words:Doppler Ultrasound Imaging; Renal Artery Stenosis; Hypertension.

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